MDR Escherichia coli carrying CTX-M-24 (IncF[F-:A1:B32]) and KPC-2 (IncX3/IncU) plasmids isolated from community-acquired urinary trainfection in Brazil

ABSTRACT Acquired antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become an important worldwide challenge. Currently, several bacteria, including Escherichia coli, have multidrug resistance profiles. Genes such as bla CTX-M-24 and bla KPC-2 (carbapenemase) are widespread. This research letter reports about a genomic surveillance study where multidrug-resistant E. coli containing CTX-M-24(IncF [F-:A1:B32]) and KPC-2(IncX3/IncU) plasmids were obtained from community- acquired urinary tract infection in Brazil.

Susceptibility to first choice antimicrobial treatment for urinary tract infections to Escherichia coli isolates from women urine samples in community South Brazil

ABSTRACT E. coli is the main pathogen of UTI. It is important to be aware the local epidemiological data for an appropriate initial treatment. Resistance to antimicrobial agents has increased, especially to first-choice antibiotics in the treatment of cystitis. There are few studies on the sensivity profile of community uropathogen in our region. Objective: To characterize antimicrobials the sensitivity profile to E. coli isolated from urocultures of women treated at Basic Health Units and Emergency Care Units of Londrina-Paraná- Brazil during a period of 12 months (June 1, 2016 to June 1, 2017). Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out from June 2016 to June 2017. All urine samples collected in the Basic Health Units and Emergency Departments in the city of Londrina (Paraná State, Brazil) were sent to a Central Laboratory where the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) breakpoints were used for the interpretation of susceptibility testing results. Results: 56,555 urine cultures were performed in the period, of which 8,832 were positive, of which 5,377 were women. Of these samples, 4.7% were enterobacteria producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and 15.5% resistant to quinolones. TMP- SMX was resistant in more than 30% of the samples in all age groups. Among quinolone-resistant isolates, resistance to cephalothin, ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was greater than 60%. Nitrofurantoin was the only antimicrobial that showed 90% of sensitivity. Conclusion: The antimicrobials sensitivity profile was similar to that reported in the literature, with TMP- SMX resistance greater than 30% in the studied samples. Nitrofurantoin maintains high sensitivity rates greater than 90%. Resistance to quinolones increases proportionally with age, as well ESBL.

Nível de ácido úrico como biomarcador diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças cardiovasculares / Uric acid level as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of cardiovascular diseases

Diversos estudos propõem a relação entre hiperuricemia e doenças cardiovasculares, implicando em uma relação causal, aumento da morbimortalidade cardiovascular e melhoria da evolução clínica, por meio de farmacoterapia para redução de níveis de ácido úrico. A despeito destes achados, ainda incertos, o que a maioria das evidências sugere é que níveis de ácido úrico podem representar um biomarcador de diagnóstico e/ou prognóstico útil e barato. Portanto, a presente revisão de literatura apresenta as principais e mais recentes evidências sobre a relação de ácido úrico com doenças cardiovasculares, tais como aterosclerose, síndrome metabólica, doença arterial coronariana, insuficiência cardíaca, hipertensão, infarto agudo do miocárdio e mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares. Os dados mais controversos dizem respeito à doença arterial coronariana, possivelmente por tratar-se de uma síndrome que contemple duas condições - angina instável e infarto agudo do miocárdio - tornando a análise pouco específica. A maioria dos estudos sugere que o ácido úrico, principalmente a hiperuricemia, seja um bom preditor diagnóstico (hipertensão e infarto agudo do miocárdio) e prognóstico (doença arterial coronariana e insuficiência cardíaca), no entanto poucos estudos avaliaram o desempenho do marcador em termos de curva ROC, sendo impossível emitir conclusões bem fundamentadas neste sentido. Considerando os resultados da maioria das evidências, a acessibilidade e o baixo custo da mensuração dos níveis de ácido úrico, é recomendável a integração da avaliação da hiperuricemia em um conjunto de análise de outros fatores de risco.

Several studies have suggested an association between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular diseases, resulting in a causal relationship, increased cardiovascular morbidity and improving clinical outcomes by means of pharmacotherapy for reducing uric acid levels. Though still uncertain, most studies suggest that levels of uric acid might be a useful and inexpensive biomarker for diagnosis and / or prognosis. Therefore, this literature review presents the most recent major evidence of uric acid related to cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, myocardial infarction and mortality from cardiovascular disease. The most controversial data refer to coronary artery disease, possibly because it is a syndrome that includes two conditions - unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction - which makes the analysis low in specificity. Several articles have demonstrated that uric acid, especially hyperuricemia, is a good diagnosis predictor (hypertension and acute myocardial infarction) and prognosis (coronary artery disease and heart failure), however few studies have evaluated the performance of the marker in terms of ROC curve, making it impossible to deliver well-founded conclusions in this regard. Consideringthe results of most of the evidence, accessibility and low cost of measurements of uric acid levels, were commend to integrate both the evaluation of hyperuricemia and the analysis of other risk factors.

Enterococcus spp. resistentes à vancomicina: características clínicas efatores de risco / Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp: clinical characteristics and risk factors

Enterococcus spp. resistentes à vancomicina (ERV) têm emergido como um patógeno multirresistente relevante e de etiologia potencialmente letal nas infecções associadas à assistência em saúde ao redor do mundo. Este estudo pretende mostrar epidemiologia e características clínicas de pacientes com ERV em um hospital do sul do Brasil. Um estudo retrospectivo foi conduzido no período de janeiro de 2005 a novembro de 2007 no Hospital Universitário de Londrina. Todos os pacientes com cultura clínica com ERV foram identificados e seu prontuário médico revisado. A presença de colonização foi avaliada através de culturas de swab retal e a identificação das amostras clínicas foi realizada pelo método automatizado MicroScan®. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 54 anos. Trato urinário (68,0%) e corrente sanguínea (23,8%) foram os sítios mais frequentes, e a UTI apresentou se como setor de maior ocorrência (49,2%) das culturas positivas. E. faecium foi a espécie predominante, em 82,8% dos casos. Os fatores de risco observados foram a duração da internação (média de 58,2 dias), uso de antimicrobianos prévios e realização de procedimento invasivos, como o uso de cateter venoso central, sonda vesical e ventilação mecânica. Medidas de controle e culturas de vigilância são imprescindíveis no controle da disseminação do ERV. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho contribuem para uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica epidemiológica das infecções e da disseminação do ERV no Hospital Universitário de Londrina.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) have emerged as a relevant multidrug-resistant pathogen and potencially lethal etiology of healthcare associated infections worldwide. This study intends to show the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of patients with VRE in a Hospital in South Brazil. A retrospective study was conducted from January 2005 to November 2007. A total of 122 VRE were identified in this period at the University Hospital of Londrina. All patients with VRE clinical culture have identified and their medical records have reviewed. The presence of colonization was evaluated through rectal swab cultures, and the species identification of clinical samples was performed by automated method MicroScan®. The mean age of patients was 54 years. Urinary tract (68.0%) and blood (23.8%) were the most frequent sites, and ICU was the largest sector of occurrence (49.2%). E. faecium was the predominant species, in 82.8% of cases.The risk factors presents were length of hospitalization (mean 58.2 days), previous use of antimicrobials and invasive procedure, such as use of central venous catheter, urinary catheter and mechanical ventilation. Control barriers and surveillance cultures are essential to prevent the VRE spread. The results obtained in this study contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiological dynamics of infections and the spread of VRE in University Hospital of Londrina.

Identificação de anticorpos anti-eritrocitários de baixa frequência em paciente politransfundida com beta-talassemia: relato de caso / Identification of low frequency anti-erythrocyte antibodies in chronically transfused patient with beta-thalassemia: a case report

A taxa de aloimunização eritrocitária em pacientes politransfundidos pode atingir 50%, entretanto a frequência de anticorpos clinicamente relevantes em pacientes transfundidos não é perfeitamente conhecida, estimando-se que cerca de 1% dos pacientes são sensibilizados a cada unidade de hemácias transfundidas. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de uma paciente de 11 anos de idade, portadora de β–talassemia major, politransfundida, na qual foi detectada, em protocolo pré-transfusional, a presença de dois anticorpos antieritrocitários raros: anti-Colton b (anti-Cob ) e anti-Lutheran 14 (anti-Lu14). Para o levantamento do histórico clínico-laboratorial da paciente, foi realizada pesquisa de prontuário arquivado no sistema de arquivos de um hospital-escola no qual a paciente é acompanhada. A fenotipagem eritrocitária em pacientes politransfudidos é essencial para minimizar os riscos de complicações devido à aloimunização e estimar a disponibilidade de sangue compatível. Assim, o relato do presente caso poderá contribuir para ampliar os conhecimentos sobre a real taxa de frequência de anticorpos anti-eritrocitários raros em paciente talassêmico.

The rate of erythrocyte alloimmunization in tranfusion-dependent patients can reach 50%, although the frequency of clinically relevant antibodies in transfused patients is not fully known, it is estimated that about 1% of patients are sensitized to each unit of transfused RBCs. The aim of this study is to report the case of an 11-year-old girl with β-thalassemia major, chronically transfused, which was detected in pre-transfusion protocol, the presence of two rare anti-erythrocyte antibodies: anti-Colton b (anti-Cob ) and anti-Lutheran 14 (anti-Lu14). To survey the clinical and laboratory patient history, research records filed in the archives of the university hospital in which the patient is monitored system was performed. The phenotyping erythrocyte in multitransfused patients is essential to decrease the risk of complications due to alloimmunization and estimate the availability of compatible blood. Thus, the report of this case may contribute to increase knowledge about of the real frequency of uncommon anti-erythrocyte antibodies in thalassemic patients.